Görme keskinliği üç ayrı fonksiyonun birleşiminden oluşmuştur.
görme keskinliği değerleri Işık ayrımı fonksiyonu: Parlaklık duyarlığı (görülme keskinliği), parlaklık ayrımı (algılayabilme keskinliği), parlaklık kontrastı (kontrast duyarlık) ve renk ayrımını kapsar.
görme keskinliği değerlendirilmesi Uzaysal ayrım fonksiyonu: Görme keskinliği, uzaklık ayrımı ve hareket ayrımını kapsar.
görme keskinliği testi Kesintili ışık ayrım fonksiyonu: Kesintili uyanıp sönen) ışıklar gibi geçici görsel uyaranların tanınması anlamına gelmektedir. Klinik uygulamalarda, görme keskinliği testlerinin çoğu aynı anda birçok fonksiyonu birlikte ölçmektedir.
GÖREBİLME KESKİNLİĞİ
İki ışık kaynağı arasındaki parlaklık farkını algılayabilme kabiliyetidir. Görebilme keskinliği testinde objeler arasındaki mesafe değil, zemin ile obje arasındaki parlaklık farkı önemli olduğundan, ayrımın uzaysal boyutu incelenmemektedir. Eğer görülmesi istenilen obje, tamamen karanlık bir zeminde ışıklı bir objeden ibaret ise, bu durumda gözün parlaklık duyarlılığı ölçülür.
ALGILAYABİLME KESKİNLİĞİ
Algılayabilme keskinliğinde, düz bir zemin üzerinde bulunan nokta veya çizgi tarzındaki ince objelerin saptanabilirliği araştırılır. Objenin tanınması ya da ayırt edilebilmesi önemli değilken, sadece saptanması yeterli görülür. Algılayabilme keskinliği, objeler arası parlaklık ayrımının ölçümüdür. Algılayabilme keskinliği ile ilişkili eşik değere “saptama eşik değeri” denir. Bir tabak içerisinde bulunan boncuk şeklindeki küçük şekerleri, test etmek istediğimiz çocuğun önünde tutarak, şekerleri almasını gözlemlememiz, bu keskinliğin saptanmasına yönelik klinik bir test örneğidir.
AYIRT EDEBİLME KESKİNLİĞİ
İki ayrı obje arasındaki en küçük ayrıntıyı ayırt edebilmektir. Objenin kontrastı kadar foveadaki fotoreseptör hücrelerin birim alandaki yoğunluğunun önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ayırt edebilme keskinliği E harf testi, Landolt’un C harf testi ve ızgara şeklindeki çizgili desenlere dayalı testlerle ölçülebilmektedir. Bu test ile ilgili eşik değere “ayırt edebilme eşik değeri” denir.
YÜKSEK KESKİNLİK
Sağlıklı bir göz uzaysal yerleşimdeki ince ayrımları yapabilir ve iki noktanın aynı hizada olup olmadığını ayırt edebilir. İki nokta arasındaki mesafeyi 3-5 saniyelik bir açıda bile saptayabilir. Bu mesafe foveadaki bir koni hücresinin çapından (yaklaşık 1,5 m) daha küçüktür. Yüksek keskinlik ölçümü ile makula hastalıkları Snellen görme keskinliği ölçümünden daha hassas bir şekilde erkenden tespit edilebilir. Yüksek keskinlik testi Amsler Kart testinin de temelini oluşturmaktadır.
TANIYABİLME KESKİNLİĞİ
Klinik uygulamalarda en çok kullanılan görme keskinliği ölçüm yöntemidir. Bu testte hastaların giderek küçülen boyutlardaki harf ve şekilleri tanıyabilme kabiliyeti ölçülür. Bu harf ve şekillerin adına optotip denilmektedir. Tanınabilen en küçük boydaki optotipin retinaya geliş açısı, görme keskinliği değerini vermektedir. Tanıyabilme keskinliği için söz konusu eşik değere “tanıma eşik değeri” denilmektedir. En sık kullanılan eşeller, Snellen Eşeli, Snellen eşelindeki eşit okunma zorluğuna sahip harflerden oluşan Sloan Eşeli ve Allan Eşeli’dir. Snellen eşelindeki harflerden B, G ve S en zor okunan harflerken, L, T ve V en kolay okunan harflerdir.
GÖRME KESKİNLİĞİ ÖLÇÜMÜ
Klinik uygulamalarda görme keskinliği ölçümü için en sık kullanılan eşel Snellen Eşeli’dir. Kontrastın en üst düzeyde olması için zemin beyaz, optotipler siyah renklidir. Harflerden veya rakamlardan oluşan değişik tipleri vardır. Eşel, harf boyunun 5 dakika, harf ayrıntısının ise 1 dakika olduğu optotiplerden oluşturulmuştur. Göze geliş açısının farklı mesafeler için 5 dakika olduğu çeşitli sıralar vardır. Yani 20 metre mesafeden bakıldığında 5 dakikalık açığa denk gelen sıra, 40 metre mesafeden bakıldığında 5 dakikalık açığa denk gelen sıra, 60 metreden bakıldığında 5 dakikalık açığa denk gelen sıra gibi değişik boyutlarda optotiplerin oluşturduğu çeşitli test sıralarını içerir. Test sırasında bütün optotipleri içeren eşel yaklaşık 6 metre’den okutularak görme keskinliği ölçülür. Snellen eşeli görme açısını ifade edecek şekilde düzenlenmiş olmakla birlikte, klinik uygulamalarda görme açısından çok, görme mesafesi önemlidir. Kişinin 6 metre’den okuyabildiği sıra değerlendirilerek görme düzeyi tespit edilir. Örneğin en üstteki bir sırayı okuyabiliyorsa görme düzeyi 0.1 dört sırayı okuyabiliyorsa görme düzeyi 0.4’tür. Bütün sıralar yani on sıra da okunabiliyorsa görme düzeyi “tam” olarak değerlendirilir. Bazı ülkelerde eşel mesafesi için 20 foot’luk mesafe kullanılır ve görme değerlendirmesi de buna göre yapılır. 20 foot’luk mesafe yaklaşık 6 metredir. Son zamanlarda bir test basamağında kaç optotip’in bulunacağına ait yaklaşım da değişmiştir. Eski eşellerde yukarıdan aşağıya doğru artan sayıda optotip bulunurken modern tipte görme eşellerinde her basamakta aynı sayıda olmak üzere, 5 ya da 10 optotip bulunmakta ve bu optotipler de eşit okunma zorluğuna sahip kombinasyonlardan oluşmaktadır.
Bunun dışında, görme eşelleri, optotip büyüklüklerindeki değişim oranının aritmetik veya geometrik oluşuna göre de sınıflandırılırlar. Ülkemizde de en sık kullanılan eşel aritmetik dizilimi esas alan ondalık sisteme ait eşellerdir. Geometrik dizilimi esas alan modern eşeller BaileyLovie, ETDRS, PERK eşelleridir. Görme keskinliği değerlerinin standartizasyonu minimum rezolüsyon acısının (MAR) logaritmik değerinin (LogMAR) kullanılması ile sağlanır. Bu parametre, test mesafesinden ve test basamakları arasındaki farklılıktan etkilenmez. Modern eşellerde (Bailey-Lovie, ETDRS, PERK) bir sıradan diğerine geçişte de görme keskinliğindeki değişim eşit logaritmik basamaklar (1 basamak = 0.1 LogMAR ünite) şeklindedir.
Görme keskinliği değerinin, çeşitli değişkenlerden (ölçüm mesafesi, test basamakları arasındaki büyüklük ilişkisi gibi) etkilenmemesi ve üzerinde yapılacak aritmetik işlemlerin geçerli olması için minimum rezolüsyon acısının (Minimum Angle of Resolution-MAR) logaritmik değeri (LogMAR) kullanılır.
Uluslararası standartlara göre görme keskinliğinin belirtilmesinde kullanılan “1 standart Snellen sırası” değişim, görme acısının yaklaşık 1.26 kat, yani 0.1 LogMAR ünite değişmesi demektir. Ancak aritmetik dizilimi esas alan ondalık sisteme ait eşellerde test sıraları birbirlerinin katı değil, “normal görme düzeyi” olarak kabul edilen 1 dakikalık görme açısına olan oranları- nın, 1/10’luk dilimleri halinde düzenlenmesi ile oluşturulmuşlardır. İşte bu nedenle, aritmetik dizilim gösteren ondalık sisteme ait eşeller ile geometrik dizilim gösteren modern eşellerde, sıra aralıkları birbirine denk değildir. Bu farklılık özellikle düşük görme keskinliği düzeylerinde giderek daha da belirginleşmektedir. Örneğin ondalık sistemde 1 sıra fark gibi görünen 0.1’den 0.2’ye değişim modern eşeller için görme, keskinliğinde 3 sıralık fark anlamına gelmekteyken (*), 5 sıralık bir fark gibi görünen 0,5’dan 1,0’a değişim ise yine 3 sıralık fark anlamına gelmektedir.
GÖRME KESKİNLİĞİNİ ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER
Görme keskinliği, ışığın retinaya ulaştığı aşamaya kadar optik faktörlerden, retinaya ulaştığı aşamada ise, retinanın fotoreseptör mozayiği ve retinanın ışık duyarlılığından etkilenir. Optik faktörler, tüm kırma kusurlarını, sferik aberasyonu, kromatik aberasyonu, koma ve yüksek sıralı aberasyonları içerir. Bunlar arasında kromatik aberasyon polikromatik (çok renkli) bir aberasyon olup, diğerleri monokromatik (tek renkli) aberasyonlar başlığı altında incelenir. Koma, paraksiyel olmayan ışık ışınlarının uğradığı aberasyon olup, optik eksen dışında cismin bir dizi daire şeklinde görüntüsünün oluşmasına neden olur. Bunların dışında pupilla genişliği görme düzeyini etkileyebilen bir diğer faktördür. Retinanın fotoreseptör mozayiği ve retinanın ışık duyarlılığı görme keskinliğine etkili retina ile ilgili faktörlerdendir.
görme keskinliği hesaplama Optik faktörler : Monokromatik, Miyopi, Hipermetropi, Astigmatizma, Koma, Yüksek sıralı aberasyonlar.
görme keskinliği ne ile ölçülür Polikromatik : Kromatik Aberasyon.
görme keskinliği kaç olmalı Difraksiyon (kırınım): Optik faktörler arasında da sayılabilir.
görme keskinliği testi nasıl yapılır Retinanın fotoreseptör mozayiği
görme keskinliği testi nasıl yapılır Retinanın ışık duyarlılığı
Bir ışın demetinin yuvarlak bir delikten geçişine izin verip, bir ekrana düşürülerek izlenirse, açıklık küçüldükçe ekrandaki aydınlık spotun küçüldüğü gözlenir. Açıklık küçültülmeye devam edildiğinde bir aşamadan sonra ekrandaki spot büyümeye başlar. Bu durum, “difraksiyon (kırınım)” olarak bilinmekte olup, deliğin olabileceği en küçük boyu belirler.
Difraksiyon, ışığın, geçişe izin veren optik delik veya lens kenarı nedeniyle saçılmaya uğramasıdır. Hiçbir aberasyonu bulunmayan en mükemmel merceğin dahi, difraksiyon nedeniyle, ışığı bir tek noktaya odaklaması mümkün değildir. Bir yuvarlak açıklıktan geçip mercekte kırılan yani difraksiyona uğrayan görüntü noktasının gerçek deseni birbirini çevreleyen koyu ve açık renkli bir grup halkadan oluşmaktadır. Dış halkalar ne kadar küçük ve belirsizse görüntü netliği de o kadar iyi olacaktır.
Difraksiyon, insan gözünden, en gelişmiş teleskoplara kadar bir çok optik sistemin ayırt edici (rezolüsyon) gücünü etkileyen bir faktördür. Çünkü difraksiyon desenlerinin birbirlerine olan mesafesi, difraksiyon deseninin çapından az olduğunda, iki ayrı difraksiyon deseni üst üste gelecek ve bu çakışma nedeniyle bir tek difraksiyon deseni olarak algılanacaktır. İki difraksiyon deseninin birbirinden ayırt edilemediği geniş görme açıları da daha kaba bir çözünürlük anlamı- na gelir.
Normal göz, 2,4 mm pupilla açıklığında, yaklaşık 1 dakikalık açıyı ayırt edebilme gücüne sahip bulunmaktadır. Bu durum gözün ayırt edebilme gücünün teorik sınırına denk gelmektedir.
Görme fizyolojisinde 1 dakikalık açıyı ayırt edebilen göz için “Tam” gören göz veya 10/10 gö- ren göz ifadesi kullanılır. Pupilla sapıyla gözün ayırt edebilme açısı arasında ters ilişki vardır. Buradan hareketle, pupilla çapının 2,4 mm yerine 4,8 mm olması durumunda, görme keskinliğinin de iki katına çıkacağı düşünülebilir. Ancak, pupilla çapının büyümesi, görme keskinliğini sürekli artıran bir faktör değildir. Çünkü pupilla büyüdükçe lense bağlı sferik aberasyon nedeniyle görme keskinliği azalacaktır.
Pupilla açıklığının, difraksiyon ve sferik aberasyon arasındaki dengeyi sağlamak üzere, en verimli olduğu çap 2,4 mm’dir. Difraksiyonun en az olduğu ışık rengi sarı ışık olup, dalgaboyu 555-560 nm’dedir.
Gözleri miyop olan ve refraktif düzeltmesi yapılmamış kişilerin, alacakaranlıkta daha az görmelerinin nedeni, gündüzleri aydınlık ortamda küçülen pupillanın sferik aberasyonu azaltması, ancak alacakaranlık ortamda pupilla büyüdüğünde sferik aberasyon nedeniyle görme keskinli- ğinin azalmasıdır. Düzeltilmemiş miyopların uzağa bakarken gözlerini kısmaları da aynı şekilde sferik aberasyonu azaltıp görme keskinliğini artırır ve daha net görmelerini sağlar.
İki fotoreseptör merkezi arasında yaklaşık 1,73 μm kadar uzaklık vardır. Optotip ayrıntısı (iki nokta ayrımı) için gereken en küçük mesafe 1,73 μm olmalıdır. Yani bir E harfinin bacakları arasındaki uzaklığın 1,73 μm olması, ayırt edebilmek için yeterlidir denilmektedir. Bu nedenle foveadaki birim alana düşen fotoreseptör yoğunluğunun fazla olmasının görme keskinliğinin artmasına yol açan bir faktör olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bazı kişilerin 10/10 düzeyinden daha fazla görmesini açıklayan teorilerden biri de bu görüştür.
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