Gözün en önünde bulunan tabakası olan korneanın şeklinin bozularak, ışığı doğru biçimde kıramamasıyla, görüntünün retinada bulanık olarak oluşmasına sebep olan görme bozukluğudur. Işığın retinaya geçme şeklini veya kırılmasını etkileyebilir. Bu durum bozuk görmeye veya net olmayan, bulanık görmeye yol açar.
ASTİGMATİZMANIN GÖZLÜKLE DÜZELTİLMESİ
Astigmatizmada, her biri bir temel eksende olan birbirine dik iki ayrı “uzak nokta düzlemi” vardır. Düzeltici silindirik mercek, sonsuzdaki görüntüyü o eksenin “uzak nokta düzlemi” ne getirmelidir. Astigmatik kişi, akomodasyon ile görüntü netliği elde edemez. Görüntü netliğini sağlamak için planosilindirik veya sferosilindirik mercekler kullanılmalıdır. Şalazyon basısı, progresif keratokonus gibi sonradan oluşan astigmatizmalarda diplopi yakınması olabilir. Bu şekilde optik nedenli diplopinin “ iğne deliği (pin hole)” ile kaybolması tipiktir. Kurala aykırı astigmatizmada görme keskinliği daha belirgin azalır ve kişiyi daha fazla rahatsız eder. Kurala uygun astigmatizmada bu durum çok rahatsız edici değildir. (0,50) D’den küçük astigmatizmadır nadiren şikayete neden olur.
Sferosilindirik astigmatizmalarda refraksiyon kusurlarının düzeltilmesinde temel prensip önce retinaya yakın olan görüntünün sferik bir mercekle düzeltilmesi, daha sonraki aşamada diğer eksendeki görüntünün silindirik bir mercekle düzeltilmesidir.
Örnek 1 : Sonsuzdan gelen ışığın, 90° ekseninde (X1) retinanın (-3.00) D, 180° ekseninde (X2) retinanın (-3.50) D önünde odaklandığı bileşik miyop astigmat bir gözde önce retinaya yakın olan X1 eksenindeki görüntü (-3.00) D’lik sferik bir mercekle düzeltilir. Daha sonraki aşamada (-3.00) D retinaya yaklaşan ve son durumu retinaya (-0.50) D uzaklıkta olan X2 eksenindeki görüntü (-0.50) D silindirik bir mercekle düzeltilir. (-0.50) D silindirik merceğin 180°’ yi etkileyebilmesi için ekseninin 90° olması gerekir. Son olarak bu hastanın reçetesi (-3.00)(-0.50)α90° şeklinde yazılır.
Örnek 2 : Sonsuzdan gelen ışığın, 90° ekseninde (X1) retinanın üzerinde, 180° ekseninde (X2) retinanın (-3.50) D önünde odaklandığı basit miyop astigmat bir gözde retina üzerinde bulunan X1 eksenindeki görüntüye herhangi bir müdahalede bulunulmaz. Daha sonraki aşamada retinaya (-3.50) D uzaklıkta olan X2 eksenindeki görüntü (-3.50) D silindirik bir mercekle düzeltilir. (-3.50) D silindirik merceğin 180°’ yi etkileyebilmesi için ekseninin 90° olması gerekir. Son olarak bu hastanın reçetesi (-3.50)α90° şeklinde yazılır.
Örnek 3 : Sonsuzdan gelen ışığın, 60° ekseninde (X1) retinanın üzerinde, 150° ekseninde (X2) retinanın (+3.50) D arkasında odaklandığı basit hipermetrop astigmat bir gözde retina üzerinde bulunan X1 eksenindeki görüntüye herhangi bir müdahalede bulunulmaz. Daha sonraki aşamada retinaya (+3.50) D uzaklıkta olan X2 eksenindeki görüntü (+3.50) D silindirik bir mercekle düzeltilir. (+3.50) D silindirik merceğin 150°’ yi etkileyebilmesi için ekseninin 60° olması gerekir. Son olarak bu hastanın reçetesi (+3.50)α60° şeklinde yazılır.
Örnek 4 : Sonsuzdan gelen ışığın, 45° ekseninde (X1) retinanın (+3.50) D, 135° ekseninde (X2) retinanın (+1.50) D arkasında odaklandığı bileşik hipermetrop astigmat bir gözde önce retinaya yakın olan X2 eksenindeki görüntü (+1.50) D’lik sferik bir mercekle düzeltilir. Daha sonraki aşamada (+1.50) D retinaya yaklaşan ve son durumu retinaya (+2.00) D uzaklıkta olan X1 eksenindeki görüntü (+2.00) D silindirik bir mercekle düzeltilir. (+2.00) D silindirik merceğin 45°’ yi etkileyebilmesi için ekseninin 135° olması gerekir. Son olarak bu hastanın reçetesi (+1.50)(+2.00) α135° şeklinde yazılır.
Astigmatik düzeltmenin getirdiği önemli bir sorun “eksenel anizokoni” dir. Buna yol açan neden silindirik merceğin etkili olduğu eksende görüntü boyutu değişiklikleridir. Bu görüntü boyutu değişiklikleri uzaysal oryantasyonda zorluk çıkarır. Çünkü stereoskopik derinlik hissi, her iki gözün retinadaki görüntülerinin boyutlarının karşılaştırılmasına bağlıdır. %1-5 kadar küçük anizokoni değerleri bile doğru uzaysal lokalizasyonun sağlanmasında zorluk oluşturur. Eğer gözün önüne (+1.00)α90° lik mercek konursa yatay eksende görüntüde büyüme olacaktır. Anizokoni özellikle ilk kez gözlük kullanacak kişilerde önemli bir problem oluşturur. Neyse ki çoğu hasta anizokoniye fizyolojik adaptasyon gösterir. Astigmatizmada bulanıklığın en az olduğu yer “en az konfüzyon halkası” ismini alır. Eğer tam düzeltme yapılamıyor ise “en az konfüzyon halkası” nın retinaya düşürülmesi amaçlanır. Bunu sağlamak için “sferik eşdeğer değeri” hesaplanır. Bu değer şu formülle hesaplanır; Hastanın refraksiyonunda astigmatik düzeltme “ X “ diyoptri eksik yapılacak ise, sferik değere “ X / 2 “ eklenir.
Çocuklarda astigmatik düzeltme tam olarak yapılmalıdır. Tolerans yetişkinden daha iyidir. Eğer bir yetişkin ilk kez gözlük kullanacak ise genellikle kısmi düzeltme tercih edilir. Bir süre alışma döneminden sonra düzeltme miktarı arttırılabilir. Astigmatizmanın düzeltilmesinin getirdiği bir başka problem “distorsiyon” dur. Bu durum özellikle oblik astigmatizmalarda daha belirgindir. Astigmatlarda yakın bakış sırasında astigmatizma derecesinde değişme olabilir. Çünkü yakın bakışta gözler aşağıya içe doğru bakmaktadır ve gözün ön arka ekseni içe doğru dönmüştür. Bu nedenle gerekli hallerde yakın kullanım için farklı astigmatik düzeltme yapılmış gözlükler kullanılabilir. Tüm bu anlatılanlar “düzenli astigmatizma” lar için geçerlidir. Düzensiz astigmatizmalarda düzeltme için kontakt lensler kullanılır.
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